KL + Hierarchical
In Indirect statments and questions, the absolute present tense marker is removed; otherwise, they're the same as independent sentences. This means that the K, L, and M pronouns take their referents from the matrix: in indirect statments, K = 1st and L = 2nd, while in indirect questions, K = 2nd and L = 1st.
fubuta Jani Tami ce fimasmuk dogi.
"John asked Tom if he'd seen a dog."
from
-ce ficimasmuk dogi.-
"Have you seen a dog?"
fubeu Tami Jani fanimasmuk dogin.
"Tom told John he hadn't seen any dogs."
from
-fancimasmuk dogin.-
"I haven't seen any dogs."
Nouns fall into 2 classes: possessed and non-possessed. A possessed noun is automatically definite and takes en enclitic pronoun possessor following the number suffix (if any). A non-possessed noun takes a -VXC- determiner infixed before the final stem V when definite; the plural suffix is the same as for possessed nouns.
hastuma "our home" (hastu-0-ma)
xiltaxtan "those houses" (xilta{axt}-n)
fubuta Jani Tami ce fimasmuk dogi.
"John asked Tom if he'd seen a dog."
from
-ce ficimasmuk dogi.-
"Have you seen a dog?"
fubeu Tami Jani fanimasmuk dogin.
"Tom told John he hadn't seen any dogs."
from
-fancimasmuk dogin.-
"I haven't seen any dogs."
Nouns fall into 2 classes: possessed and non-possessed. A possessed noun is automatically definite and takes en enclitic pronoun possessor following the number suffix (if any). A non-possessed noun takes a -VXC- determiner infixed before the final stem V when definite; the plural suffix is the same as for possessed nouns.
hastuma "our home" (hastu-0-ma)
xiltaxtan "those houses" (xilta{axt}-n)