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Noimi Notes: Actant Morphosyntax Part 2
as before
Notes On A New Language Project
ZActa.TXT, Part 2 -- qiihoskeh
2005.Apr.20 -- file started
2005.Aug.07 -- current
This version of Noimi has ditransitive verboids.
Placement of Markers
Verboids
Ditransitive: N2 Transitive: N2 Intransitive
A2 A3 A1 A2 A1 A1
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
1X- 1X- 1X-
2X- 2X- 2X-
2N- 2N- 2N-
3P- -3A 3P- -3A -3A or 3P- ^
-3I -3I -3I
-3S -3S -3S (1)
Un2- {.Un3} -Un1 Un2- -Un1 -Un1
CAP- (4) -CAA (4) CAP- (4) -CAA (4) CAP-
COA- -Ani (2) COA- -Ani -Ani
-Ina -Ina -Ina
-Sit -Sit -Sit (1)
{3E2.} -3E (3) {.3E1} {3E2.} {.3E1} {.3E1}
-Aux -Aux -Aux (1)
(1) Situationals are limited here to inherently adverbial stems.
? (2) Despite being A3, -Ani appears *after* any A1 marker. It
can't occur with either -Ina or -Sit.
(3) -3E appears on verboids only with 1X-, 2X-, and 2N-.
(4) No more than one -CA#- can appear.
Nominoids
Animate Inanimate
Transitive: N2 Intransitive Transitive: N2 Intransitive
A2 A1 A1 A2 A1 A1
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
1X- 1X- 1X- 1X- ?
2X- 2X- 2X- 2X- ?
2N- 2N- 2N- 2N- ?
3P- -3A -3A ^ 3P- -3A -3A ^ ?
-3I -3I -3I -3I
Un2- -Un1 -Un1 Un2- -Un1 -Un1
CAP- (4) -CAA (4) CAP- CAP- (4) -CAA (4) CAP- ?
COA- {.Ani} {.Ani} COA- -Ani -Ani
-Ina -Ina {.Ina} {.Ina}
{3E2.} -3E -3E {3E2.} -3E -3E
(4) No more than one -CA#- can appear.
Note: There may be other argument structure categories, due to applicatives!
This applies mainly to ditransitives, since A2 of transitives can be
inanimate provided that A1 is not animate.
Words With Valence Reduction (-1>2)
Ditransitive: N2 Transitive: N2
A2 A3 A1 A2 A1
------ ------- ------ ------ -------
1>2- implied 1>2- implied
-3I
-3S Note: inanimate
-Un1 nominoids won't
-Ina normally use this
-Sit form.
{.3E1}
-Aux
Verboids With Valence Reduction (-Rfx)
Ditransitive: -Rfx Transitive: -Rfx
A2/A3 A1 A1/A2
------ ------ ------
1X- 1X-
2X- 2X-
2N- 2N-
3P- -3A or 3P- ^
-3I -3I ?
-3S
Un2- -Un1 -Un1
CAP- CAP-
COA- -Ani
-Ina -Ina ?
-Sit
{3E2.} {.3E1} {.3E1}
-Aux
Nominoids With Valence Reduction (-Rfx)
Animate: -Rfx Inanimate: -Rfx ??
A1/A2 A1/A2
------ ------
1X- 1X- ?
2X- 2X- ?
2N- 2N- ?
-3A ? -3A ?
-3I ? -3I It's not clear yet if
-Un1 -Un1 the reflexive is used
CAP- CAP- ? with inanimates.
{.Ani} -Ani
-Ina ? {.Ina}
-3E -3E
Other Possible Verboids
Ditransitive: N3 N3 is like N2, but controls
A2 A3 A1 direction of A3 and A1, rather
------ ------ ------ than of A3 and A2.
1X-
2X-
2N-
3P-
-3I3 (1) -3I
-3S
Un2- {.Un3} -Un1
CAP-
COA-
-COI (2) -Ina
-Sit
{3E2.} -3E (3) {.3E1}
-Aux
(1) -3I3 doesn't appear with -Un1.
? (2) -COI appears only with -Ina, -Sit, -Aux, and -3S?
(3) -3E appears on verboids only with 1X-, 2X-, and 2N-.
Ditransitive: N2 Use for locational compounds (e.g.
A2 A3 A1 carrying something somewhere).
------ ------ ------
1X- Assume no N3; this means that -COI
2X- is valid with -3I, -Un1 and {.3E1}
2N- (otherwise, substitute -Ina + -Inv
3P- -3A with -3I3, {.Un3}, and {.3E3} ?).
-3I3 -3I
-3S
Un2- {.Un3} -Un1
CAP- (4) -CAA (4)
COA- -Ani
-COI -Ina
-Sit
{3E2.} -3E {.3E1}
-Aux
(4) No more than one -CA#- can appear.
For giving or telling, the recipient is R3 (A) and the other object is
R1 (A/I/S), but for the locationals, the destination is R1 (I/S) and
the other object is R3 (A/I). Similarly with taking and source vs.
origin locationals. Note that an animate destination (or origin) can
naturally be converted to inanimate.
Note that the same marker, -3E, is used for making A3 explicit and making
A1 of nominoids explicit.
2005.Jun.25
-----------
Now, let's look at 3I#.
(a) There must be a distinction between -3I3 and -3A, as well as one
between -3I and -3A.
(b) If some other marker occurs, -3I3 and -3I can be distinguished by
the relative position of the markers.
(c) If no other marker occurs, the present of an inanimate argument
phrase might be used to distinguish -3I3 from -3I (assuming no
syntactical ambiguity).
(d) The combination -3I3-3I would still need to be handled. For the
locationals, this could be handled with -3I3-3S and converting any
A1 phrase into a location. This is not a general solution.
Possibly use the same marker twice, modified by sound changes.
Then, analogy could be used to resolve (b).
-----------
Null Applicative
This allows an additional argument to be used on a word without any
additional affix. Whether this is possible and what the role of the
argument is depends on the word's subclass. One example of this is
specifiying the perceiver of perceptual qualities (i.e. qualities
which are associated with a particular mode of perception, such as
colors). An otherwise intransitive word can be distinguished as using
the null applicative if:
(a) 2 actant markers appear
(b) the 2>1- actant marker appears
(c) the -Rfx marker appears
(d) either -Inv or -Mut appears
(e) -3E appears (instead of {.3E1}; this doesn't help with nominoids)
(f) either COA- (or Un2- ?) appears
This doesn't handle the cases where the R1 argument is inanimate and
the R2 argument is local; possibly a 3E2- actant marker would have to
be created. Note also that the applicative isn't needed when the R2
argument is unspecified. This provides motivation for marking local
A2, with unspecified A2 unmarked.
Possibly see ZActa0.TXT
Cooccurrence
This section shows which possible combinations of actant markers occur, most
useful where possible alternatives exist. It will have to be redone.
Background to Foreground
theoretical: Un# 1/2 3P Cor? 3E#
actual: 1/2 Un# 3P 3E# Cor?
Background tends to go with A2 and foreground with A1.
Imperatives
The imperative suffix -Imp combine modal information (implying 1st person) with actant information (2nd person exclusive) and preempts A2 (A1 if the stem is intransitive). Possibly, this can be extended to 2nd person inclusive and to 3rd person forms, by adding the appropriate affix. Pragmatically, any 3rd person referents must be associated with the 2nd person referent. Both Un# and 3E# would have to use marked actants.