VOS: State Changes and Causatives

Last Edited: 2006.Aug.20 Sun

State Changes

The language has three state change prefixes which are applied to I-Verbs: ni-, indicating a change to a state, ho- indicating a change from a state, and kwa-, indicating a change to and then from a state. The resulting stems are P-Verbs.
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There are special forms where location is involved. When the prefixes are added to the locative marker saa, the stems nis, hos, and kwas are formed.

Demonstratives

This section is here because most of the demonstratives are related to saa, nis, hos, and kwas. They're constructed using the bases sa-, ni, ho, and kwa- respectively to which personal morphemes are added. The latter indicate the person nearest the entities. NOTE: for actual motion, use nisam etc. instead of nim etc.
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The conjugations of these demonstratives are shown in the following tables.
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Note that sam and sak are regular I-Verbs. Nim, nik, hom, hok, kwam, and kwak are regular P-Verbs.
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Causatives

The causative prefix xo- is added to P-Verbs to add an argument specifying the cause of the action etc. The original O1 becomes O1 and the original S becomes O2. An exception occurs when xo- is applied to an originally trivalent word: the original O2 is kept and the original O1 is lost. Another oddity is that if a 1st or 2nd person marker ends up as O2, any unspecified O1 must be indicated by the suffix -so. Examples:
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There's also a causative auxiliary verb xol-.