Kappa Stem Ending Types

[qiihoskeh]

Last Edited: 2006.Aug.04 Fri

This pertains to suffixing. There are five types of stem endings. The endings of each type are described and the modifications made when different kinds of suffixes are added are given. In practice, the type of ending must be noted for many roots and suffixes. Grade refers to the grade of the initial consonant of suffixes beginning with a single consonant.

Type	Stems End In	Inserts	Grade	Notes
1	short vowel + f, s, l, or r	-u- before suffix beginning with 2 consonants	(1)	F and s become h if the suffix begins with a vowel.
2	long vowel	-nu- before any suffix beginning with 2 consonants -n- before any suffix beginning with a vowel	(2)
3	short vowel	-d- (or -j-) before suffix beginning with a vowel	(3)
4	short i, o, or u	-d- (or -j-) before suffix beginning with a vowel	(3)	Some suffixes beginning with short vowels may fuse with the stem, however.
5	anything else	-u- before suffix beginning with a consonant -u when word final	(3)

* Inserted -d- becomes -j- when the following original vowel is *i.
* For short vowel stems, the corresponding long vowel is given, if other than double; in most cases, this will also determine the type, but -i/ê also requires the type number.
* The type number is needed in some other cases as well.